Mais de meio século após o desaparecimento do deputado federal Rubens Paiva durante a ditadura militar, um dos episódios mais emblemáticos de violação de direitos humanos na história do Brasil, o caso continua a suscitar reflexões e buscas por justiça. Recentemente, três frentes distintas trouxeram o caso de volta à pauta nacional: o cinema, uma nova investigação federal e o imbróglio jurídico no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF).
No cinema, o filme Ainda Estou Aqui, de Walter Salles, baseado no livro homônimo de Marcelo Rubens Paiva, filho do deputado, destaca os impactos da perda de Rubens Paiva sobre sua esposa, Eunice, e seus cinco filhos nos anos 1970, durante o período conhecido como “anos de chumbo”. A produção foi aclamada pela crítica, com Fernanda Torres recebendo o Globo de Ouro de Melhor Atriz em Filmes Dramáticos por sua atuação como Eunice. O filme também conquistou o prêmio de Melhor Roteiro no Festival de Veneza e foi pré-indicado ao Oscar de Melhor Filme Estrangeiro.
Paralelamente, o governo federal reabriu uma investigação sobre o que ocorreu com Rubens Paiva após seu sequestro em 1971. Seu desaparecimento e posterior confirmação de morte, revelados oficialmente apenas 40 anos depois, permanecem sem responsabilizações criminais. Três dos cinco militares acusados pelo crime já faleceram, e o processo, iniciado há mais de uma década, está atualmente parado no STF. Recentemente, o ministro Alexandre de Moraes determinou que a Procuradoria Geral da República se manifeste sobre o mérito do caso, que segue atrelado ao debate sobre a Lei da Anistia e a possibilidade de punir crimes cometidos durante o regime militar.
O Caso Rubens Paiva
Rubens Paiva nasceu em Santos, São Paulo, em 1929. Engenheiro de formação, foi eleito deputado federal pelo Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB) em 1962 e destacou-se como relator da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito (CPI) que investigava o Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática (Ibad), conhecido por financiar grupos contrários ao governo de João Goulart. Após o golpe militar de 1964, teve seu mandato cassado e foi exilado, mas retornou ao Brasil poucos meses depois, estabelecendo-se com a família no Rio de Janeiro.
Em janeiro de 1971, Rubens Paiva foi sequestrado por agentes do regime militar. Segundo investigações posteriores, ele foi levado ao DOI-Codi na Tijuca, onde foi torturado e morto. O paradeiro de seu corpo nunca foi esclarecido. Foi somente em 2014, por meio da Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV), que detalhes sobre sua morte foram confirmados, incluindo os nomes de alguns dos responsáveis pelas torturas. No entanto, a falta de abertura dos arquivos das Forças Armadas e o sigilo mantido sobre a documentação dificultaram a apuração completa dos fatos.
O Impasse no STF
Em 2014, o Ministério Público Federal denunciou cinco militares por crimes relacionados à morte de Rubens Paiva, incluindo homicídio doloso e ocultação de cadáver. Contudo, o caso enfrentou um obstáculo quando o Supremo Tribunal Federal suspendeu o andamento do processo, com base na interpretação de que a Lei da Anistia, julgada em 2010 pela ADPF 153, impediria a responsabilização de agentes do Estado por crimes cometidos durante o regime militar.
Esse impasse reflete a dificuldade do Brasil em lidar com crimes de seu passado autoritário. O debate em torno da Lei da Anistia e a permissão para julgar esses crimes está no cerne das discussões sobre justiça de transição. Enquanto outros países da América Latina, como Argentina e Chile, avançaram significativamente na responsabilização por crimes de suas ditaduras, o Brasil ainda caminha a passos lentos.
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