A auditoria realizada pelo Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) revelou uma perda de arrecadação em cidades mineradoras, que deixaram de receber mais de R$ 4 bilhões em impostos que deveriam ter sido pagos pelas empresas mineradoras aos municípios.
Em Minas Gerais, os municípios mais prejudicados pela falta de pagamento da Compensação Financeira pela Exploração Mineral (Cfem) incluem Mariana, Ouro Preto, São Joaquim de Bicas, Araxá, Caeté e Itabira.
A Vale, a maior mineradora do país, evitou pagar R$ 2,8 bilhões do Cfem ao longo de seis anos, em grande parte devido à ineficiência da Agência Nacional de Mineração (ANM). Segundo os dados do TCU, a perda potencial de receita da CFEM pode atingir R$ 12,4 bilhões.
Nesse contexto, o TCU exigiu que a ANM adote medidas e ações para minimizar o problema da sonegação no setor de mineração, que tem representado entre 2,5% e 4% do PIB brasileiro nas últimas décadas.
Os prefeitos, muitas vezes por falta de conhecimento, não reivindicaram os valores devidos. Os R$ 4 bilhões da Cfem que prescreveram entre 2017 e 2022 referem-se a dívidas anuais que se acumularam até 2002, devido à inoperância do governo federal.
A ANM, incumbida de regular e fiscalizar a mineração no Brasil, enfrenta um déficit alarmante de pessoal e problemas tecnológicos que comprometem sua eficácia.
Com apenas 659 funcionários ativos, representando 34,2% dos cargos previstos em lei, a capacidade de fiscalização é extremamente limitada. Isso se reflete na baixa porcentagem de processos fiscalizados, com apenas 1,1% dos processos de concessão de lavra sem pagamento da Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais sendo verificados nos últimos anos.
O sistema de arrecadação da ANM também é considerado obsoleto, incapaz de estimar corretamente o volume de produção mineral, o que dificulta a verificação dos valores devidos pelas mineradoras. Esta situação tem permitido que muitas empresas, como a Vale, posterguem o pagamento de suas dívidas até que estas prescrevam, ao mesmo tempo em que registram lucros históricos.
A falta de fiscalização e cobrança adequada tem causado prejuízos significativos a estados e municípios. Parauapebas, no Pará, e Mariana, em Minas Gerais, são exemplos de localidades que deixaram de receber quantias substanciais em royalties do minério.
No caso de Mariana, a perda foi de aproximadamente 262 milhões de reais e Itabira R$ 83 milhões. Estados como Pará, Amapá, Espírito Santo também foram duramente afetados.
Além dos impactos financeiros, a falha no sistema de fiscalização e arrecadação da ANM contribui para a ocorrência de grandes tragédias humanitárias e ambientais, como os rompimentos das barragens em Mariana e Brumadinho. Para reverter essa situação, seria necessário um fortalecimento significativo da ANM, tanto em termos de pessoal quanto de tecnologia.
A Vale é a maior beneficiada pelo enfraquecimento da ANM, acumulando recordes de lucratividade enquanto deixava de pagar bilhões em Cfem. A auditoria do Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) revelou que a Vale deixou de pagar 2,8 bilhões de reais aos cofres públicos em seis anos, o que representa 71,5% dos 4 bilhões de reais da Cfem que caducaram entre 2017 e 2022.
Municípios como Mariana, Ouro Preto e Itabira, em Minas Gerais, e Parauapebas, no Pará, estão entre os mais prejudicados pela falta de pagamento das mineradoras. Durante o período em que postergava o pagamento da Cfem até prescrever, a Vale alcançou um lucro histórico de 121 bilhões de reais , deixando de pagar, em média, 7,6 milhões de reais por dia em seis anos, apesar de ter um lucro médio diário de 330 milhões de reais em 2021.
A ANM, criada para regular e fiscalizar o setor que representa 4% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Brasil, possui atualmente o menor efetivo de sua história e o maior déficit de pessoal de todo o serviço público federal.
Com apenas quatro funcionários dedicados à fiscalização de 39,3 mil processos ativos, a agência estima que precisaria de pelo menos mais 200 servidores para atender satisfatoriamente às demandas de fiscalização.
Nos últimos anos, apenas 1,1% dos 6,1 mil processos ativos de concessão de lavra sem pagamento da Cfem foram fiscalizados, e apenas dois dos 1,1 mil processos ativos de autorização de pesquisa foram verificados. Em 2022, a ANM fiscalizou apenas 17 empresas de mineração.
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