A corrida que irá definir o novo morador da Casa Branca pelos próximos quatro anos está chegando ao fim. A definição de quem será escolhido (a) para o emprego mais poderoso do mundo – o de presidente dos Estados Unidos – vai acontecer em 5 de novembro. Na disputa, que o Terra acompanha diretamente da América, estão a vice-presidente Kamala Harris e o ex-presidente Donald Trump.
A democrata e o republicano têm gastado bilhões de dólares para ter sucesso eleitoral. A campanha de Kamala, que começou com o presidente Joe Biden, arrecadou mais de US$ 1,48 bilhão (R$ 8,4 bilhões). Trump, por sua vez, tem acumulado US$ 1,08 bilhão (R$ 6,1 bilhões). Os dados são do Center for Responsive Politics, uma organização apartidária que monitora dinheiro na política.
As eleições nos Estados Unidos podem facilmente superar US$ 1 bilhão. Nas últimas cinco eleições, mais de US$ 2 bilhões (R$ 11,4 bilhões) foram gastos, em média, por candidatos à presidência, incluindo pré-candidatos nas primárias. Mais da metade disso é gasto em exposição de mídia – e os anúncios na TV são um dos mais caros. A logística também custa caro.
Mas de onde vem tanto dinheiro?
Nos EUA, não há verbas públicas para campanha nem propaganda eleitoral gratuita. Assim, os candidatos precisam captar recursos para custear todos os gastos da disputa. Sendo assim, a maior parte dos recursos vem de doações individuais. Há também os comitês de angariação de fundos de candidatos e partidos, que geram grandes doações.
Diferentemente do Brasil, nos EUA não há um limite para o quanto se pode gastar em campanhas políticas. De acordo com o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), candidatos a presidente só podem gastar R$ 88 milhões no primeiro turno e R$ 44 milhões no segundo. Este foi o último limite estabelecido nas eleições de 2022, que teve como vencedor o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT).
Embora nos EUA não tenha um limite de gasto, existem algumas regras sobre financiamento de campanhas. Por exemplo, apenas americanos podem doar para as campanhas.
Maiores doadores
Apoiadores ricos do Partido Democrata e outros nomes notáveis do Partido Republicano se uniram para apoiar a campanha de seus postulantes.
Elon Musk doou cerca de US$ 44 milhões (R$ 251 milhões) para seu grupo de gastos pró-Donald Trump durante a primeira quinzena de outubro. Timothy Mellon, um bilionário recluso e herdeiro de uma fortuna bancária, também contribuiu com US$ 25 milhões (R$ 142 milhões) para aliados do Partido Republicano.
A campanha de Harris, que elogiou o recebimento de pequenas doações de cidadãos comuns, recebeu também dinheiro de apoiadores ricos. Por exemplo, Christian Larsen, o cofundador da empresa de criptomoedas Ripple Labs, contribuiu com quase US$ 9,9 milhões (R$ 56 milhões).
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